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Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, it can exist in different forms, H5Y+, H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, and HY3−, depending on the pH of the solution. In very basic solutions with pH > 10.17, the fully deprotonated form, Y4−, is the predominant species that readily complexes with metal ions in a 1:1 ratio.
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Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs
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An enantiomerically pure hydrogen-bonded assembly.

L J Prins1, F De Jong, P Timmerman

  • 1Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.

Nature
|November 23, 2000
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created stable chiral supramolecular assemblies using hydrogen bonds. This breakthrough allows isolating enantiomerically pure structures, overcoming challenges with weak interactions and racemization.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chirality Studies

Background:

  • Chiral molecules exist as non-superposable mirror images called enantiomers.
  • Enantiomerically pure compounds are obtained via synthesis or resolution of racemic mixtures.
  • Chiral supramolecular assemblies, especially those from weak interactions like hydrogen bonds, are prone to racemization, making their isolation difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize stable chiral supramolecular assemblies using achiral building blocks.
  • To overcome the challenge of racemization in hydrogen-bonded assemblies.
  • To demonstrate a 'chiral memory' strategy for inducing and isolating supramolecular chirality.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized achiral calix[4]arene dimelamines and cyanurates.
  • Employed multiple cooperative hydrogen bonds for assembly stabilization.
  • Applied a 'chiral memory' approach using chiral barbiturates followed by substitution with achirals.
  • Investigated assembly stability and racemization kinetics in benzene.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed and formed stable chiral supramolecular assemblies from achiral components.
  • Achieved isolation of enantiomerically pure supramolecular structures.
  • Demonstrated that cooperative hydrogen bonds enhance assembly stability against racemization.
  • Observed a racemization half-life exceeding four days at room temperature in benzene.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel strategy for creating stable, enantiomerically pure hydrogen-bonded supramolecular assemblies.
  • The 'chiral memory' concept effectively transfers and stabilizes chirality in supramolecular systems.
  • This work provides a viable method for resolving and isolating chiral assemblies formed via weak interactions.