Apoptosis induced by an endogenous neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, in dopamine neurons

A dopamine-derived neurotoxin, 1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2, 3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline [N-methyl(R)salsolinol] was found to cause parkinsonian in rats and to deplete selectively dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra after infusion in the striatum. This isoquinoline occurs enantio-specifically in the nigra-striatum of human brains. The biosynthesis from dopamine is catalyzed by two enzymes, (R)salsolinol synthase and (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase. The isoquinoline increases in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients, and the increase is ascribed to high activity of its synthesizing neutral (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase, as shown by analyses in lymphocytes. The cell death caused by this neurotoxin in dopaminergic human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells proved to be apoptotic. Apoptosis by this neurotoxin is mediated by intracellular sequential process, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases and DNA fragmentation. These results are discussed in relation to the role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and the involvement of the endogenous toxin in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.