Cellular and shunt conductances of toad bladder epithelium

Toad urinary bladders were mounted in Ussing-type chambers and volt-age-clamped. At nonzero voltages only, small fluctuations in current, delta I, and therefore in tissue conductance, delta Gt, were detected. These fluctuations were caused by the smooth muscle of the underlying tissue which could be monitored continuously and simultaneously with the current, I. Inhibition of the smooth muscle contraction with verapamil (2 X 10(-5) M) abolished the fluctuations in I and Gt. Amiloride (10(-4) M) had no significant effect on the magnitude of delta Gt, oxytocin increased Gt without affecting delta Gt, and mucosal hypertonicity produced by mannitol increased delta Gt. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that two parallel pathways exist for passive current flow across the toad urinary bladder: one, the cellular pathway, was not affected by smooth muscle activity; the other, the paracellular pathway, was the route whose conductance was altered by the action of the smooth muscle. Thus the relationship between the cellular and shunt conductances of the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder, under a variety of conditions, can be investigated by utilizing the effects of the movement of the smooth muscle.