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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
07:25

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Published on: February 12, 2018

Coding the location of the arm by sight.

M S Graziano1, D F Cooke, C S Taylor

  • 1Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. graziano@princeton.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 2, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Neurons in the primate brain

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Primate brain research
  • Body schema and proprioception

Background:

  • Area 5 in the parietal lobe is implicated in monitoring body posture and movement.
  • Understanding the neural basis of body representation is crucial for motor control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how neurons in area 5 of the primate brain encode limb position.
  • To determine if these neurons integrate visual and somatosensory information for body awareness.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded neuronal activity in area 5 of monkeys.
  • Presented monkeys with their own hidden arm and a realistic false arm.
  • Tested responses to unrealistic arm substitutes and left/right arm discrimination.

Main Results:

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  • Neurons in area 5 encoded arm position even when the arm was not visible.
  • These neurons responded to a realistic false arm but not unrealistic substitutes.
  • Neurons could distinguish between a right and a left arm.

Conclusions:

  • Area 5 neurons integrate visual and somatosensory inputs to monitor limb configuration.
  • These neurons contribute to the body schema essential for posture adjustment and movement guidance.