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Gender differences in depression. Critical review.

M Piccinelli1, G Wilkinson

  • 1Unità Operativa di Psichiatria I, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy.

The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science
|December 5, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Gender differences in depressive disorders are genuine, not just artifacts. Childhood adversity, early mental health issues, sociocultural factors, and psychological traits contribute to this disparity in women.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Depressive disorders exhibit higher prevalence, incidence, and morbidity in females compared to males.
  • These gender disparities emerge at mid-puberty and persist throughout adult life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review potential risk factors contributing to observed gender differences in depressive disorders.
  • Distinguish between artefactual and genuine determinants of these differences.

Main Methods:

  • A critical literature review was conducted.
  • The review separately analyzed artefactual and genuine factors influencing gender disparities in depression.

Main Results:

  • Gender differences in depressive disorders are genuine, though artefactual factors may slightly increase female prevalence.

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  • Key contributing factors include adverse childhood experiences, childhood/adolescent depression and anxiety, sociocultural roles, and psychological vulnerability/coping skills.
  • Genetic, biological factors, and social support show minimal impact on gender differences in depression.

    • Conclusions:

    • The precise determinants of gender differences in depressive disorders are not yet fully established.
    • Integrated etiological models explaining these differences are currently lacking.