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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Crossed linguo-buccal reflex in post-stroke patients.

K Nagumo1, K Hirayama, Y Nakajima

  • 1Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Nanasawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan. nagneuro@tc4.so-net.ne.jp

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|December 5, 2000
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A pathological crossed linguo-buccal reflex was observed in about one-third of post-stroke patients with central facial palsy. This reflex is linked to specific brain lesions, suggesting a loss of inhibition from the brainstem.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Central facial palsy following stroke can manifest unusual neurological signs.
  • The crossed linguo-buccal reflex is a pathological orofacial reflex observed in some post-stroke patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of the crossed linguo-buccal reflex in post-stroke hemifacial palsy.
  • To identify specific lesion locations associated with this reflex.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical examination of 77 patients with central hemifacial palsy.
  • Electromyography (EMG) to assess muscle activity and reflex latency.
  • Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to correlate reflex presence with lesion location.

Main Results:

  • The crossed linguo-buccal reflex was present in 22 of 77 patients (approximately 29%).
  • The reflex was most common in patients with capsulo-caudate lesions involving the caudate nucleus and internal capsule.
  • EMG revealed increased activity in facial and oral muscles on the paretic side with long latency and after-discharge.

Conclusions:

  • The crossed linguo-buccal reflex in post-stroke patients may result from the disinhibition of brainstem reflexes.
  • Lesions in the corticobulbar pathways, particularly capsulo-caudate, are strongly associated with this reflex.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the neurophysiological basis of this phenomenon.