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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana
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Acute Toxic Class Methods: Alternatives to LD/LC50 Tests.

Diener1, Schlede

  • 1Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV), D-Berlin.

ALTEX
|December 7, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Acute Toxic Class (ATC) methods significantly reduce animal use by up to 90% compared to LD/LC50 tests. These validated methods offer comparable or superior reliability for toxicity classification.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Chemical Safety Assessment
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Traditional LD/LC50 tests for acute toxicity assessment are resource-intensive and ethically concerning due to high animal usage.
  • The Acute Toxic Class (ATC) methods were developed as alternative approaches to reduce animal numbers in toxicity testing.
  • Existing ATC methods have demonstrated comparable or superior reliability in classifying chemical toxicity compared to traditional LD/LC50 tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the development and validation of Acute Toxic Class (ATC) methods for oral, dermal, and inhalation routes as alternatives to LD/LC50 tests.
  • To highlight the reduced animal usage and maintained or improved reliability of ATC methods.
  • To address the need for revising ATC methods to align with the Global Harmonisation System (GHS) for classification of acute toxicity.

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Main Methods:

  • Stepwise testing procedures using a limited number of animals (max 6) per dose/concentration.
  • Biometric basis utilizing the Probit model for data analysis and classification probability determination.
  • Validation through animal ring studies and biometric evaluations for the oral ATC method; biometric development for dermal and inhalation routes.

Main Results:

  • ATC methods use 40-90% fewer animals compared to LD/LC50 tests.
  • Reliability for toxicity classification is comparable or better than LD/LC50 tests.
  • The oral ATC method is an official OECD and EU Test Guideline, validated through ring studies with excellent agreement between animal data and biometric evaluations.

Conclusions:

  • ATC methods provide a scientifically sound and ethically favorable alternative to traditional acute toxicity tests.
  • The oral ATC method is established and widely used, with strong validation support.
  • Revision of all three ATC methods is necessary to incorporate the Global Harmonisation System (GHS) for enhanced regulatory alignment.