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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Related Experiment Video

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Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum
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Published on: September 20, 2011

Evolution of two-component signal transduction.

K K Koretke1, A N Lupas, P V Warren

  • 1SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|December 9, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems, crucial for bacterial environmental responses, originated in bacteria and spread via gene transfer. Their components coevolved, with serine kinases evolving independently multiple times.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems regulate cellular responses to environmental stimuli in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
  • These systems, comprising histidine kinases and response regulators, are vital for microbial adaptation.
  • The evolutionary history and interrelationships of TCST components remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the evolutionary relationships and ancestry of two-component signal transduction system components.
  • To investigate the origins and diversification of histidine kinases and response regulators across different domains of life.
  • To explore the evolution of kinase activity within the TCST superfamily.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of histidine kinases and response regulators from 20 genomes using distance methods.
  • Comparative structural analysis of TCST kinase domains with other protein kinases.
  • Examination of domain variability and sequence congruence across phylogenetic clusters.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic trees revealed 11 distinct clusters with extensive congruence, indicating conserved evolutionary trajectories.
  • Eukaryotic and archaeal TCST sequences clustered separately, with eukaryotes showing high domain variability.
  • Kinases were monophyletic within their superfamily, and structural similarity to eukaryotic protein kinases was observed.

Conclusions:

  • TCST systems are of bacterial origin, disseminated to archaea and eukaryotes through lateral gene transfer.
  • Coevolution of TCST components is evident, with limited evidence for recombination driving diversification.
  • Independent evolution of serine kinases occurred multiple times, often with loss of cognate response regulators.