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Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
S J Lester1, M Baggott, S Welm
1Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Cardiology 3A, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
Background:
The psychoactive stimulant 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as "ecstasy," is widely used in nonmedical settings. Little is known about its cardiovascular effects.
Objective:
To evaluate the acute cardiovascular effects of MDMA by using transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography.
Design:
Four-session, ascending-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Setting:
Urban hospital.
Patients:
Eight healthy adults who self-reported MDMA use.
Intervention:
Echocardiographic effects of dobutamine (5, 20, and 40 microg/kg of body weight per minute) were measured in a preliminary session. Oral MDMA (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg of body weight) or placebo was administered 1 hour before echocardiographic measurements in three weekly sessions.
Measurements:
Heart rate and blood pressure were measured at regular intervals before and after MDMA administration. Echocardiographic measures of stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and meridional wall stress were obtained 1 hour after MDMA administration and during dobutamine infusions.
Results:
At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, MDMA increased mean heart rate (by 28 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (by 25 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (by 7 mm Hg), and cardiac output (by 2 L/min). The effects of MDMA were similar to those of dobutamine, 20 and 40 microg/kg per minute. Inotropism, measured by using meridional wall stress corrected for ejection fraction, decreased after administration of dobutamine, 40 microg/kg per minute, but did not change after either dose of MDMA.
Conclusions:
Modest oral doses of MDMA increase heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption in a magnitude similar to dobutamine, 20 to 40 microg/kg per minute. In contrast to dobutamine, MDMA has no measurable inotropic effects.
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