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[Attention deficit syndrome. Basic aspects of its diagnosis and treatment]
N Arriada-Mendicoa1, E Otero-Siliceo
1Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suárez, México DF, México. arriada@internet.com.mx
Insights
Attention deficit syndrome, a common infancy disorder, requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent adult personality issues. Understanding the condition is key for successful long-term management.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric neurology
- Developmental psychology
- Behavioral science
Context:
- Attention deficit syndrome (ADS) is a prevalent yet underestimated behavioral disorder in infancy.
- Its multifactorial etiology involves genetic, environmental, nutritional, and psychosocial influences.
- Diagnosis relies on identifying inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, excluding organic/neurological mimics.
Purpose:
- To outline the multifactorial causes of attention deficit syndrome.
- To describe diagnostic criteria and useful electrophysiological studies.
- To recommend optimal management strategies including educational therapy and pharmacotherapy.
Summary:
- ADS etiology is multifactorial, encompassing genetic, environmental, nutritional, and psychosocial factors.
- Diagnosis involves behavioral observation at home and school, ruling out organic disorders, and may utilize electrophysiological studies.
- Effective management combines educational therapy with judicious medical treatment, prioritizing tricyclic drugs over stimulants.
Impact:
- Early diagnosis and treatment of ADS are crucial to mitigate severe adult personality disorders, including antisocial and criminal behaviors.
- Parental and patient understanding of ADS is essential for achieving positive long-term treatment outcomes.
- Addressing ADS in childhood can significantly improve long-term psychosocial adjustment and reduce the risk of future behavioral issues.
Introduction:
The attention deficit syndrome is one of the commonest behavior disorders of infancy, although it is considerably underestimated.
Development:
The aetiology of attention deficit syndrome is multifactorial since genetic, environmental, nutritional and psychosocial factors have been found to be associated with its development. Diagnosis depends mainly on the identification of behavior changes especially of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity: it should be made at home and at school and based on the exclusion of severe organic and neurological disorders which also present initially with similar characteristics. Electrophysiological studies may be useful since multiple electroencephalographic changes have been reported, as have prolonged latency of III and V waves of brain stem evoked potentials, The best management requires educational therapy combined with controlled medical treatment. Use of stimulants should be carefully considered and the tricyclic drugs are preferably the first pharmacological option.
Conclusions:
Current findings regarding the repercussions of attention deficit syndrome in adults shows the need for early diagnosis and treatment of the condition so as to avoid severe personality disorders including antisocial and criminal behavior. It is essential that the parents and the child himself understand the condition in order to achieve satisfactory results of long term treatment.
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