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Variability in XRF-measured tibia lead levels.

A C Todd1, S Carroll, J H Godbold

  • 1The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. andrew.todd@mssm.edu

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|December 29, 2000
PubMed
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K-shell x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) measurements for bone lead may underestimate variability. Replicate measurements in cadavers and volunteers show individual uncertainty is lower than actual standard deviation, indicating a potential system deficiency.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Environmental Health
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Bone lead measurements are crucial for assessing cumulative lead exposure.
  • 109Cd-based K-shell x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) is a common method for in vivo bone lead quantification.
  • Previous studies suggest potential underestimation of measurement variability in KXRF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the variability of 109Cd-based KXRF tibia lead measurements.
  • To investigate factors influencing the standard deviation of replicate measurements.
  • To determine if individual measurement uncertainty underestimates true variability.

Main Methods:

  • Replicate KXRF measurements were performed on ten intact cadaver legs and nine dissected tibiae.
  • In vivo measurements were conducted monthly for one year on four volunteers.

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  • Factors affecting the standard deviation of replicate measurements were analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • Average tibia lead levels ranged from 6-50 µg Pb/g bone mineral in cadavers and 6-13 µg Pb/g bone mineral in volunteers.
    • Both cadaver and in vivo data confirmed that individual measurement uncertainty is an underestimate of the standard deviation of replicate measurements.
    • This suggests a methodological deficiency common to most current 109Cd-based KXRF lead measurement systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The uncertainty associated with individual KXRF bone lead measurements does not fully capture the total variability.
    • A methodological deficiency likely exists in current 109Cd-based KXRF systems, impacting accurate variability assessment.
    • Further improvements in KXRF methodology are needed for more reliable bone lead quantification.