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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
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DNA Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.

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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR
14:07

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Published on: November 23, 2012

Relative distribution and conservation of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Salmonella enterica

T S Frana1, S A Carlson, R W Griffith

  • 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology
|January 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary

This study identified genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Pentaresistant DT104 strains spread mainly through clonal expansion, not acquiring new resistance genes in different environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary microbiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Antimicrobial resistance

Background:

  • Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a significant veterinary pathogen.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance is crucial for effective treatment and control.
  • Pentaresistant DT104 is a particularly concerning phage type due to its resistance profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in veterinary Salmonella Typhimurium isolates.
  • To investigate the distribution of extra-integron resistance genes.
  • To evaluate the spread mechanisms of pentaresistant DT104.

Main Methods:

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was employed to detect specific resistance genes.
  • Analysis of 422 veterinary isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium.
  • Evaluation of gene distribution based on phage type, host species, and geographical region.

Main Results:

  • Genes conferring resistance to streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and apramycin were identified.
  • Gentamicin resistance linked to aadB, kanamycin to aphA1-Iab or Kn, and apramycin to aacC4.
  • The Kn gene was predominantly found in nonclinical isolates, with no significant differences for other genes across various factors.

Conclusions:

  • Pentaresistant DT104 does not appear to acquire extra-integron resistance genes in different ecological or geographical settings.
  • The findings support the hypothesis that clonal expansion is the primary mode of spread for this organism.
  • This has implications for controlling the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary settings.