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Related Concept Videos

Spare Receptors01:30

Spare Receptors

Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods01:20

Measurement of Bioavailability: Pharmacodynamic Methods

Pharmacodynamic methods provide insights into a drug's effects on physiological processes over time and play a crucial role in understanding bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These methods can be broadly classified into acute pharmacological and therapeutic response approaches, each with distinct mechanisms and applications.The acute pharmacological response method directly correlates a drug's physiological effects, such as ECG or pupil diameter changes, to its time course in the body.
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

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Diurnal rhythm in endogenous glucose production is a major contributor to fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Suprachiasmatic deficit or limit cycle behaviour?

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Quantitation of basal endogenous glucose production in Type II diabetes: importance of the volume of distribution.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Insulin sensitivity and its measurement: structural commonalities among the methods.

J Radziuk1

  • 1Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9. jradziuk@ottawahospital.on.ca

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|January 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Understanding insulin sensitivity is key for metabolic regulation and type 2 diabetes research. Consistent measurement methods are crucial for both clinical and investigational use, despite physiological variations.

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Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate

Published on: June 25, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes research

Background:

  • Insulin is a primary hormone regulating metabolism.
  • Reduced insulin response is central to type 2 diabetes.
  • Accurate assessment of insulin sensitivity is vital for research and clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complexities of measuring insulin sensitivity.
  • To address inconsistencies in current assessment methods.
  • To highlight the need for standardized approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing insulin sensitivity assessment techniques.
  • Analysis of factors influencing insulin sensitivity.
  • Discussion of metabolite-specific and tissue-specific responses.

Main Results:

  • Insulin sensitivity varies in physiological and pathological states.
  • Factors like time, physiological state, and diurnal rhythms affect sensitivity.
  • Despite variations, overall insulin sensitivity can often be consistently assessed.

Conclusions:

  • Current methods often focus on single metabolite (glucose) responses, primarily in muscle and liver under fasting conditions.
  • Discrepancies between methods may arise from variations in assessed parameters.
  • Further research is needed to reconcile different approaches for reliable insulin sensitivity measurement.