Cadmium uptake by Caco-2 cells: effects of Cd complexation by chloride, glutathione, and phytochelatins

Short-term cadmium uptake by the highly differentiated TC7 clone of enterocytic-like Caco-2 cells was studied as a function of Cd speciation. For low metal concentrations and with a constant free [Cd(2+)] = 43 nM, initial uptake rates of (109)Cd increased linearly as a function of increasing concentration of chlorocomplexes (Sigma[(109)CdCl(2-n)(n)]) over the range from 0 to 250 nM. When normalized as a function of the metal concentration, the absorption rate for the chlorocomplexes was less than that estimated for uptake of the free Cd(2+) cation. Metal absorption decreased upon organic ligand addition in the exposure media, but much less than predicted from the assumption that only inorganic metal species would be transported. Under exposure conditions where the concentration of each of the inorganic species was kept constant, (109)Cd uptake increased with increasing concentrations of cadmium glutathione ((109)Cd-GSH) or phytochelatin ((109)Cd-hmPC(3)) complexes. A specific system of very high affinity but low capacity has been characterized for (109)Cd-GSH transport, whereas accumulation data increased linearly with (109)Cd-hmPC(3) up to 6 microM. Comparison among uptake data for 0.3 microM inorganic (109)Cd, (109)Cd-GSH, or (109)Cd-hmPC(3) yields the following accumulation ratios: Cd-GSH/Cd(inorg) = 0.2; Cd-hmPC(3)/Cd(inorg) = 0.5. These results clearly show that Cd(2+) is not the exclusive metal species participating in Cd absorption, though, for comparable Cd concentrations, its contribution to transport would be more important than that of other species. Cadmium bound to thiol-containing peptides may be absorbed via transport systems that differ from those involved in absorption of the inorganic metal species.