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Small GTP-binding proteins.

Y Takai1, T Sasaki, T Matozaki

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Suita, Japan. ytakai@molbio.med.osaka-u.ac.jp

Physiological Reviews
|January 12, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) are crucial regulators of eukaryotic cell functions, acting as biological timers. This review details their diverse roles, families, and mechanisms of action.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) are a superfamily of over 100 members found in eukaryotes.
  • Structurally classified into Ras, Rho, Rab, Sar1/Arf, and Ran families, they regulate diverse cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of small G proteins.
  • To elucidate their modes of activation and action.
  • To describe their roles in temporal and spatial cell function determination.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of small G protein research.
  • Analysis of structural classifications and functional roles.
  • Synthesis of information on upstream regulators, downstream effectors, cascades, and cross-talks.

Main Results:

  • Small G proteins act as biological timers, controlling the initiation, termination, and duration of cell functions.
  • Specific families regulate distinct processes: Ras (gene expression), Rho (cytoskeletal reorganization, gene expression), Rab/Sar1/Arf (vesicle trafficking), and Ran (nucleocytoplasmic transport, microtubule organization).
  • Extensive research has identified numerous regulators and effectors, clarifying activation and action mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Small G proteins are essential regulators of fundamental cellular processes.
  • Understanding their diverse functions and regulatory networks is key to comprehending cell biology.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of small G protein roles and mechanisms.

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