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Related Concept Videos

What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among these organisms. Scientists infer organisms’ common ancestry by evaluating shared morphological and genetic characteristics. Together, the fossil...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

The compositional evolution of vertebrate genomes.

G Bernardi1

  • 1Laboratorio di Evoluzione Molecolare, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli 80121, Italy. bernardi@alpha.szn.it

Gene
|February 13, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Vertebrate genome evolution involves conservative and shifting modes. Darwinian natural selection drives changes in DNA base composition, influencing genome patterns.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Evolution
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vertebrate genomes exhibit distinct evolutionary modes, including conservative and shifting patterns of DNA base composition.
  • Understanding these modes is crucial for elucidating the role of natural selection in molecular evolution.
  • Previous research has identified intragenomic and whole-genome shifts in compositional patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence on compositional evolution in vertebrate genomes.
  • To explore the mechanisms driving changes in DNA base composition.
  • To highlight the role of Darwinian natural selection in modulating mutational input and maintaining genomic patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vertebrate genome composition and evolution.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
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Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
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Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

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  • Analysis of data on nucleotide changes and base composition shifts.
  • Examination of evidence for natural selection's role in compositional pattern maintenance.

    • Main Results:

    • Characterization of two predominant modes of genome evolution: conservative and shifting.
    • Identification of three distinct shifting modes: 'major shift', 'minor shift', and 'whole-genome' (horizontal) shift.
    • Observation that shifts are consistently preceded and followed by conservative evolution.

    Conclusions:

    • Darwinian natural selection plays a critical role in controlling changes and maintenance of genomic compositional patterns.
    • The interplay between mutation and selection shapes the base composition of vertebrate DNA sequences.
    • Compositional shifts provide insights into the adaptive evolution of genomes.