Time domains of the hypoxic ventilatory response in awake ducks: episodic and continuous hypoxia

Time-dependent ventilatory responses to episodic and continuous isocapnic hypoxia were measured in unidirectionally ventilated, awake ducks. Three protocols were used: (1) ten 3-min episodes of moderate hypoxia (10% O(2)) with 5-min normoxic intervals; (2) three 3-min episodes of severe hypoxia (8% O(2)) with 5-min normoxic intervals; and (3) 30-min of continuous moderate hypoxia. Ventilation (V(I)) increased immediately within a hypoxic episode (acute response), followed by a further slow rise in V(I) (short-term potentiation). The peak V(T) response increased from the first to second moderate hypoxic episode (progressive augmentation), but was unchanged thereafter. During normoxic intervals, V(I) increased progressively (56% following the tenth episode; long term facilitation). Time-dependent changes were not observed during or following 30-min of continuous hypoxia. Although several time-dependent ventilatory responses to episodic hypoxia are observed in awake ducks, they are relatively small and biased towards facilitation versus inhibitory mechanisms.