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Starting from standing; why step backwards?

G A Kraan1, J van Veen, C J Snijders

  • 1Department of Biomedical Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied, Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands. vankruining@bnt.fgg.eur.nl

Journal of Biomechanics
|February 13, 2001
PubMed
Summary

A backward step before sprinting, though counterintuitive, significantly enhances push-off force and power. Training should incorporate this backward step for maximal acceleration in sprint starts.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Movement

Background:

  • Sprint starts require precise body positioning to optimize acceleration.
  • A backward step before push-off appears counterproductive but is commonly observed in standing starts.
  • The contribution of this backward step to sprint performance is not fully quantified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the positive impact of a backward step on push-off force and power during sprint starts.
  • To compare sprint start mechanics with and without a backward step.
  • To investigate the necessity of a backward step for maximal acceleration.

Main Methods:

  • Ten subjects performed sprint starts from three conditions: self-initiated standing start, restricted standing start (no backward step), and a modified starting block position.

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  • Force platforms were used to measure push-off forces and analyze the dynamics of the sprint start.
  • Kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed to determine force and power contributions.

    • Main Results:

    • A backward step was observed in 95% of standing sprint starts.
    • The highest push-off force and shortest force build-up time occurred in the self-initiated standing start condition (Type A), which included a backward step.
    • The results indicate a significant positive contribution of the backward step to overall push-off force and power.

    Conclusions:

    • The backward step is a crucial component for maximizing force and power during sprint starts.
    • Training programs should integrate the backward step phenomenon to enhance sprint acceleration.
    • Understanding and training this seemingly counterintuitive movement is vital for athletic performance.