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Updated: Jul 22, 2026
Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
Published on: November 2, 2013
Molecular analysis of the prostate-specific antigen upstream gene enhancer
G Farmer1, E S Connolly, J Mocco
1Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.
Background:
Our objective was to identify factors other than androgen receptor that bind to and regulate the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) upstream gene enhancer (PSE).
Methods:
DNAse I footprinting and electromobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed over the PSE using lysates from PSA-producing cell lines, LNCaP and LAPC4, and nonproducing PSA cell lines, PC-3 cells, U937 monocytes, and Namalwa B cells. Mutational analysis and transient transfection assays were used to determine the contributions made by different elements towards the regulation of the enhancer.
Results:
Three distinct regions surrounding androgen response elements of the PSE were found to bind unknown ubiquitous and cell type-specific proteins. These regions, when mutated in a PSE reporter construct, were shown to be required for maximal activation in LNCaP cells.
Conclusions:
These results correlate unknown sequence-specific DNA binding proteins with androgen-mediated regulation of a prostate-specific gene, thus providing further insight into the mechanism of PSA gene expression.
