Diffusion and chemical reaction rates with nonuniform enzyme distribution: an experimental approach

The study of the effects of nonuniform distributions of immobilized beta-galactosidase on the overall reaction rate of the hydrolysis of lactose are presented. Diffusion inside the particles has been characterized by measuring the diffusion rates of two beta-galactosidase substrates: lactose and ONPG in a commercial silica-alumina support. Effective diffusivities have been determined by the chromatographic method under inert conditions. The results obtained for tortuosity can be explained assuming that the transport only takes place in the macropores. The distribution of the immobilized enzyme has been measured by means of confocal microscopy technique. The enzyme has been tagged with FITC and immobilized in particles of different diameters, the internal local concentrations of the enzyme have been determined with the aid of an image computer program. As expected, a more nonuniform internal profile of the enzyme was found when the particle diameter was bigger. Experiments under reaction conditions were carried out in batch reactors using lactose and ONPG as substrates and particles of the immobilized beta-galactosidase of different diameter (1 x 10(-4) to 5 x 10(-3) m) as catalyst, employing a temperature of 40 degrees C for lactose and 25 and 40 degrees C for ONPG, respectively. The mass balance inside the particle for the substrates has been solved for the internal profiles of the immobilized enzyme inside particles of different size and the enzymatic reactions considered. The calculated and the experimental effectiveness factor values were similar when particles under 2.75 x 10(-3) m in diameter were employed. For the same Thiele modulus, a particle with nonuniform distribution of enzyme showed a higher effectiveness as a catalyst than particles with a more uniform distribution.