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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets
11:19

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Published on: July 7, 2010

Human genome. Storm erupts over terms for publishing Celera's sequence.

E Marshall

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 24, 2001
    PubMed
    Summary

    A dispute arose over public access to Celera Genomics' human genome sequence data. This highlights the ongoing rivalry between Celera and the Human Genome Project regarding data sharing.

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Bioinformatics
    • Scientific Publishing

    Background:

    • A conflict emerged regarding the public accessibility of human genome sequence data from Celera Genomics.
    • Geneticist Michael Ashburner publicly criticized an agreement between Science and Celera concerning data release.

    Discussion:

    • The dispute centers on the conditions for releasing Celera's human genome sequence data.
    • This conflict is part of a larger rivalry between Celera Genomics and the publicly funded Human Genome Project.

    Key Insights:

    • The core issue is the tension between private data access and public scientific dissemination.
    • The controversy underscores the challenges in balancing proprietary interests with the open-science ethos.

    Outlook:

    Keywords:
    Biomedical and Behavioral ResearchCelera GenomicsGenetics and Reproduction

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    • Future genome sequencing projects may face similar data-sharing challenges.
    • Resolution of this dispute could set precedents for future data access policies in genomics.