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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

18.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
18.0K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

7.7K
The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
7.7K
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

4.3K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

2.3K
Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: October 16, 2014

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Alterations in chromatin functions during aging in vitro.

J M Ryan

    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Aging human cells show reduced histone acetylation and RNA synthesis, potentially causing them to stop dividing. This impacts cellular function and the cell cycle.

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    Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging
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    Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging

    Published on: January 30, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Cellular Biology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Gerontology

    Background:

    • Cellular senescence is a key aspect of aging.
    • Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and cellular functions.
    • Understanding age-related changes in chromatin is vital for comprehending cellular aging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate age-associated alterations in chromatin function in human diploid cells.
    • To determine the impact of aging on histone acetylation and RNA synthesis rates.
    • To explore the relationship between these molecular changes and the cessation of cell division in aged cells.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantified histone acetylation rates in young and old human diploid cells.
    • Measured RNA synthesis by incorporating 3H-uridine in young and old cells.
    • Assessed chromatin template activity using both exogenous (E. coli RNA polymerase) and endogenous RNA polymerases.

    Main Results:

    • Observed a significant decline in the rate of histone acetylation with cellular aging.
    • Documented a reduced rate of RNA synthesis in older cells compared to younger cells.
    • Demonstrated decreased chromatin template activity in aged cells, irrespective of the RNA polymerase used.

    Conclusions:

    • Age-associated decline in histone acetylation and RNA synthesis impairs chromatin function.
    • Reduced capacity for RNA and protein synthesis may lead to the nondividing state of aged cells.
    • These molecular deficits are implicated in the cellular aging process and the inability to progress through the cell cycle.