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Related Concept Videos

Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Chemogenetic Regulation in Reprogrammed Stem Cell-derived Precursor Cells in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Chemogenetic Regulation in Reprogrammed Stem Cell-derived Precursor Cells in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: May 2, 2025

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Pathways to primary neurodegenerative disease.

J Hardy1

  • 1Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA. hardy@mayo.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Genetic analysis identified disease-causing lesions in Alzheimer's, prion, and Parkinson's diseases. This research proposes a unifying hypothesis for tangle and Lewy body disorders, aiming to develop curative treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Disease Pathology

Background:

  • Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, prion disease, and some Parkinson's disease forms share known pathogenic genetic lesions.
  • Tangles and Lewy bodies are pathological hallmarks in several neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a unifying hypothesis linking genetic findings to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To explore the derivation of curative treatments based on this hypothesis.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis to identify pathogenic lesions.
  • Molecular biology experiments to formulate a hypothesis.
  • Literature review and theoretical framework development.

Main Results:

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  • Identification of specific genetic lesions causing major neurodegenerative diseases.
  • A proposed hypothesis connecting genetic factors with the formation of tangles and Lewy bodies.
  • A framework for developing targeted curative therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic insights provide a foundation for understanding diverse neurodegenerative conditions.
  • A unified approach to treatment may be possible for diseases characterized by tangles and Lewy bodies.
  • Further research into molecular mechanisms can lead to novel therapeutic strategies.