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Updated: Aug 15, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
Published on: August 7, 2017
[Foreign bodies in the upper airways of children - problems relating to diagnosis and treatment]
Ts Tsolov1, M Melnicharov, P Perinovska
1Medical University, Department of ENT Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract:
The authors share their experience and systematic observations with regard to the correlation between "chronic pneumonia" and foreign bodies in the respiratory tract, based on a survey of 480 bronchoscopic examinations for a period of 10 years. It was established that misdiagnosed foreign bodies in the lower respiratory tract account for 12.5% of all these cases. The percentage of undiagnosed bilateral foreign bodies is unusually high, as well as that of the left-sided foreign bodies, although to a smaller degree. The study also shows that very often in pediatric practice foreign bodies are wrongly diagnosed as bronchopneumonia and bronchial asthma.
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