Direct contrast-enhanced 3D MR venography

Non-enhanced two-dimensional (2D) time-of-flight (TOF) MRA is well established for imaging of the deep venous system. However, based on the acquisition of multiple axial images, it can be time-consuming and often fails to delineate small superficial and perforating veins. The presented low-dose, direct-contrast-injection 3D MR venography technique allows rapid acquisition of high-quality MR venograms and can be employed for the display of the deep and superficial venous system of upper and lower extremity including pelvic and central thoracic veins. This article describes the employed technique and provides a comprehensive image-based overview of the various indications for direct-infusion 3D MR venography such as post-/thrombotic changes, varicosities, and assessment of the greater saphenous vein prior to bypass surgery.