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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
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Plant proteolytic enzymes: possible roles during programmed cell death.

E P Beers1, B J Woffenden, C Zhao

  • 1Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. ebeers@vt.edu

Plant Molecular Biology
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Plant proteolytic enzymes, including serine and cysteine proteinases, are implicated in programmed cell death. Further research is needed to understand their precise roles in plant cell suicide and signal transduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Proteolytic enzymes (proteinases) are linked to programmed cell death (PCD) in plants during development and stress responses.
  • Evidence suggests proteinases play roles in organ senescence, tracheary element differentiation, and pathogen- or stress-induced cell suicide.
  • The exact functions of proteinases in plant PCD remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize known plant proteinases and their characteristics.
  • To review proteinases involved in animal PCD.
  • To discuss the potential roles of plant proteinases in signal transduction and as effectors of PCD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and summary of known plant proteinases (subtilisin-type, papain-type, phytepsins, metalloproteinases, 26S proteasome).
  • Compilation of examples of proteinases linked to animal PCD (serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo, threonine).

Main Results:

  • Characteristics of major plant proteinase classes are outlined.
  • Examples of proteinases involved in animal PCD are provided.
  • Potential roles for plant proteinases in mediating PCD signaling and execution are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Plant proteinases represent a diverse group with potential roles in various PCD pathways.
  • Understanding these enzymes is crucial for elucidating plant cell death mechanisms.
  • Further investigation is warranted to define the specific functions of plant proteinases in PCD.