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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Effects of netobimin treatment on the glucose and glycogen contents of Echinococcus granulosus cysts from gerbils.

Veterinary research communications·2002
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Echinococcus granulosus: membrane permeability of secondary hydatid cysts to albendazole sulfoxide.

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Pharmacokinetics of netobimin and microsomal metabolism of albendazole in infected gerbils with Echinococcus

J L García-Llamazares1, G Merino-Pelaez, O Larrode-Pellicer

  • 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of León, Spain.

Parasitology Research
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Netobimin (NTB) biotransformation was incomplete in gerbils, especially when infected with hydatidosis. However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of its metabolites, albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulfone (ABZSO2), remained unaffected by the infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism
  • Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a significant parasitic disease.
  • Netobimin (NTB) is an antiparasitic prodrug, metabolized to active compounds like albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulfone (ABZSO2).
  • Understanding drug metabolism in infected hosts is crucial for effective treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of netobimin (NTB) and its metabolites (ABZSO, ABZSO2) in infected versus healthy gerbils.
  • To investigate the impact of intra-abdominal hydatidosis on NTB biotransformation and metabolite plasma concentrations.
  • To assess the role of hepatic and intestinal sulfoxidase activity in NTB metabolism during infection.

Main Methods:

  • Intra-abdominal hydatidosis was induced in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) via peritoneal inoculation of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices.
  • Plasma concentrations of NTB, ABZSO, and ABZSO2 were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after oral NTB administration (50 mg/kg).
  • Hepatic and intestinal microsomal sulfoxidase activities were measured in both infected and healthy gerbils.

Main Results:

  • Netobimin (NTB) exhibited incomplete biotransformation throughout the study period, with increased incompleteness observed in infected gerbils.
  • The pharmacokinetic profiles of albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulfone (ABZSO2) were not significantly affected by hydatidosis.
  • While infected gerbils showed increased hepatic sulfoxidase activity and decreased intestinal activity, the total sulfoxidase activity remained comparable between infected and non-infected groups.

Conclusions:

  • Intra-abdominal hydatid disease significantly alters the pharmacokinetic profile of the parent drug, netobimin (NTB).
  • The plasma concentrations of key metabolites, ABZSO and ABZSO2, are not differentially affected by hydatidosis in this model.
  • Host-parasite interactions influence NTB metabolism, highlighting the complexity of drug disposition in parasitic infections.