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Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution.

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  • 1Department of Biological Anthropology and Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre, University of Oxford, UK. alan.cooper@zoo.ox.ac.uk

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Ancient bird DNA reveals ratites split in the Late Cretaceous, supporting plate tectonics

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Phylogenetics
  • Paleogeography

Background:

  • The origin and diversification of ratites (large, flightless birds) and their flighted relatives (tinamous) are crucial for understanding avian evolution and the impact of plate tectonics on biogeography.
  • Accurate dating of ratite divergence is essential for establishing the evolutionary timelines of modern avian orders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the phylogeny of ratites and their sister taxa, the tinamous.
  • To provide biogeographical data to investigate the role of plate tectonics in avian distributions.
  • To establish molecular divergence dates for key avian groups.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes from two extinct New Zealand moa genera.
  • Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from an extinct Madagascan elephant-bird.
  • Generating extensive sequence data (12 kilobases) from extant kiwi, cassowary, emu, and two tinamou genera.

Main Results:

  • Statistically precise molecular divergence dates were estimated using a large, comprehensive dataset.
  • Results support a vicariant speciation event for ratite taxa during the Late Cretaceous.
  • Evidence suggests subsequent dispersal of the kiwi to New Zealand.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first molecular insights into the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana.
  • A new temporal framework for speciation events in other Gondwanan biota is established.
  • The findings offer a basis for evaluating competing biogeographical hypotheses concerning avian diversification.