pH-dependent local structure of ferricytochrome c studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

We have studied, using x-ray absorption spectroscopy by synchrotron radiation, the native state of the horse heart cytochrome c (N), the HCl denatured state (U(1) at pH 2), the NaOH denatured state (U(2) at pH 12), the intermediate HCl induced state (A(1) at pH 0.5), and the intermediate NaCl induced state (A(2) at pH 2). Although many results concerning the native and denatured states of this protein have been published, a site-specific structure analysis of the denatured and intermediate solvent induced states has never been attempted before. Model systems and myoglobin in different states of coordination are compared with cytochrome c spectra to have insight into the protein site structure in our experimental conditions. New features are evidenced by our results: 1) x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of the HCl intermediate state (A(1)) presents typical structures of a pentacoordinate Fe(III) system, and 2) local site structures of the two intermediate states (A(1) and A(2)) are different.