Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on cerebral and cephalic blood flow in dogs

The effect of sympathetic stimulation (stellate ganglion) on dog cerebral and cephalic blood flows was studied via a cervical or a thoracic approach to the stellate ganglion under sodium pentobarbital or chloralose anesthesia. Two different stimulation voltages (3v and 5v) of monophasic pulses were applied for 1 minute. Venous outflow was measured at the confluence of the sagittal, straight and lateral sinuses with the lateral sinuses occluded and with them patent. When the lateral sinuses were occluded, stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in a marked decrease in common carotid blood flow to 38 plus or minus 2.5% (SE) of control and dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, but cerebral blood flow did not change. Similar effects were observed with each of the anatomic approaches, anesthetics, and voltages used and in dogs with low cerebral vascular tone induced by hypercapnia. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent, sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased the venous outflow to 89 plus or minus 2.9% of control and clamping both of the external jugular veins increased venous outflow to 120 plus or minus 2.7% of control. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent and the extracranial venous pressure was increased by clamping both of the external jugular veins, the decrease in venous outflow in response to sympathetic stimulation was even larger: venous outflow was only 65 plus or minus 4.9% of control. We conclude that stimulation of the stellate ganglion has no effect on the cerebral vasculature. Sympathetic stimulation significantly decreases venous blood flow measured at the confluence of the sinuses only when communications between the intracranial and extracranial venous vasculatures are present.