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Related Concept Videos

Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Layers of the Heart Wall01:15

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...
Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Angina I: Introduction01:30

Angina I: Introduction

Definition and Symptoms: Angina (angina pectoris) is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia, which occurs when the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen-rich blood. It typically manifests as pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensations in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.Primary Cause: In a healthy state, the coronary arteries can dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and meet the increased oxygen demand during physical activity or...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing for Assessment of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis.

J Madison, K Wang, F L Gobel

    Circulation
    |May 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis (PAVE) is a severe complication after valve replacement surgery. Early aortic insufficiency indicates a poor prognosis, while late or absent insufficiency suggests better outcomes with medical or surgical treatment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Cardiac Surgery

    Background:

    • Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication after cardiovascular surgery, especially valve replacement.
    • Prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis (PAVE) presents unique clinical challenges.
    • Understanding PAVE's course is crucial for patient management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To clarify the clinical course of PAVE.
    • To evaluate the role of surgical intervention in PAVE.
    • To identify prognostic factors in PAVE patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of clinical and necropsy data from 16 adult PAVE patients.
    • Comparison with existing literature on PAVE.
    • Analysis of blood cultures, clinical presentation, and autopsy findings.

    Main Results:

    • Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant pathogens.
    • Infection onset was typically >25 days postoperatively.
    • Aortic insufficiency was present in 11/16 patients, often associated with perivalvular abscesses.
    • Early aortic insufficiency correlated with mortality.
    • Late or absent aortic insufficiency predicted better survival, especially with effective medical therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Perivalvular abscesses are a common finding in PAVE, complicating surgical outcomes.
    • The timing of aortic insufficiency is a critical prognostic indicator.
    • Prompt surgical valve replacement is indicated for poor medical response or progressive aortic insufficiency, even without left ventricular failure.