Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 27, 2026

13:32
Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: April 10, 2013
An orchestrated gene expression component of neuronal programmed cell death revealed by cDNA array analysis.
L W Chiang1, J M Grenier, L Ettwiller
1Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. chiang@mpi.com
Summary
Programmed cell death (PCD) in neurons requires new RNA synthesis. This study identified hundreds of regulated genes during PCD, with a core set shared across different neuronal death models.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Molecular Biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial for neuronal development and disease.
- De novo RNA synthesis is necessary for PCD, but gene regulation remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the gene expression patterns during PCD in cerebellar granule neurons.
- To identify specific genes and pathways regulated by different PCD-inducing stimuli.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a brain-biased cDNA array (over 7,500 genes) to profile gene expression.
- Examined gene regulation in response to potassium withdrawal, combined potassium/serum withdrawal, and kainic acid administration.
Main Results:
- Hundreds of genes were significantly regulated in distinct temporal waves during PCD.
- Identified known PCD-related genes among the regulated targets.
- A subset of genes was consistently regulated across all tested PCD models.
Conclusions:
- Neuronal PCD involves complex, wave-like gene expression changes.
- Distinct PCD-inducing signals can converge on a shared set of regulatory genes.
- This provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death pathways.
Related Concept Videos
DNA Microarrays
Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
Overview of Cell Death
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

