Related Experiment Videos
Is breastfeeding really favoring early neonatal jaundice?
G Bertini1, C Dani, M Tronchin
1Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, Section of Neonatology, University of Florence School of Medicine, Florence, Italy.
Insights
Supplementary feeding is linked to higher neonatal jaundice risk, while breastfeeding is not. A small group of breastfed infants may have higher bilirubin levels, especially if dehydrated.
Area of Science:
- Neonatalogy
- Pediatrics
- Public Health
Background:
- Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) is common.
- Understanding risk factors like feeding type is crucial for early intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess significant hyperbilirubinemia development in newborns.
- To investigate the link between feeding type and neonatal jaundice incidence.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study of 2174 infants (gestational age ≥37 weeks).
- Analysis of total serum bilirubin, feeding type, weight loss, delivery method, and risk factors.
- Statistical analysis including z test, t test, and multiple logistic regression.
Main Results:
- 5.1% of infants had bilirubin >12.9 mg/dL.
- Significant hyperbilirubinemia correlated positively with supplementary feeding.
- Breastfed infants did not show higher jaundice frequency, but a small subgroup had elevated bilirubin levels.
- Greater weight loss, vacuum extraction, ABO incompatibility, and Asian origin were associated with increased jaundice risk.
Conclusions:
- Fasting plays a role in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia pathogenesis.
- Breastfeeding itself isn't linked to increased jaundice frequency but can be associated with higher bilirubin in a small infant subgroup.
- Dehydration in breastfed infants with high bilirubin may increase risk for bilirubin encephalopathy.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia in a large unselected newborn population in a metropolitan area with particular attention to the relationship between type of feeding and incidence of neonatal jaundice in the first week of life.
Study Design:
A population of 2174 infants with gestational age >/=37 weeks was prospectively investigated during the first days of life. Total serum bilirubin determinations were performed on infants with jaundice. The following variables were studied: type of feeding, method of delivery, weight loss after birth in relationship to the type of feeding, and maternal and neonatal risk factors for jaundice. Statistical analyses were performed using the z test for parametric variables and the t test for nonparametric variables. In addition, the multiple logistic regression allows for the estimation of the role of the individual characteristics in the development of hyperbilirubinemia. Data concerning serum bilirubin peak distribution in jaundiced newborns were analyzed using a single and a double Gaussian best fit at least squares. The t test was performed to compare 2 values (high and low) of the serum bilirubin peak in breastfed and supplementary-fed infants with those in bottle-fed infants.
Results:
The maximal serum bilirubin concentration exceeded 12.9 mg/dL (221 micromol/L) in 112 infants (5.1%). The study demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between patients with a total serum bilirubin concentration >12.9 mg/dL (221 micromol/L) and supplementary feeding; oppositely, breastfed neonates did not present a higher frequency of significant hyperbilirubinemia in the first days of life. However, best Gaussian fitting of our data suggests that a small subpopulation of breastfed infants have a higher serum bilirubin peak than do bottle-fed infants. Newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia underwent a greater weight loss after birth compared with the overall studied population, and infants given mixed feeding lost more weight than breastfed and formula-fed newborns, indicating that formula has been administered in neonates who had a weight loss beyond a predetermined percentage of birth weight. Significant hyperbilirubinemia was also strongly associated with delivery by vacuum extractor, some perinatal complications (cephalohematoma, positive Coombs' test, and blood group systems of A, AB, B, and O [ABO] incompatibility) and Asian origin. Multiple logistic regression analysis shows that supplementary feeding, weight loss percentage, ABO incompatibility, and vacuum extraction significantly increase the risk of jaundice, while only cesarean section decreases the risk.
Conclusion:
The present study confirms the important role of fasting in the pathogenesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, although breastfeeding per se does not seem related to the increased frequency of neonatal jaundice but to the higher bilirubin level in a very small subpopulation of infants with jaundice. In fact, in the breastfed infants, there is a small subpopulation with higher serum bilirubin levels. These infants, when starved and/or dehydrated, could probably be at high risk of bilirubin encephalopathy.