Neuromuscular examination of the foot and ankle

The physical examination of a patient with a neuromuscular disorder presents challenges that are unique to other disease entities. These injuries may affect motor control of the foot, and sensory and autonomic function of the foot. This examination depends on knowledge of normal physiology and kinematics, including muscle forces and the gait cycle. The authors' approach to this examination is conducted with emphasis on three questions that are necessary for a successful examination: (1) is the foot plantigrade? (2) where is the pain located? and (3) is the foot supple?