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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

Integration of telomere sequences with the draft human genome sequence.

H C Riethman1, Z Xiang, S Paul

  • 1The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. Riethman@wistar.upenn.edu

Nature
|March 10, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Human telomeres, the chromosome ends, were integrated with the genome sequence. This revealed that subtelomeric regions are gene-rich and functional, not just junk DNA.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Telomeres protect chromosome ends but have unique DNA sequences making them hard to analyze.
  • Integrating telomere sequences with the human genome draft is crucial for complete genomic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To connect human telomere sequences to the working draft genome sequence.
  • To analyze the structure and function of human subtelomeric DNA regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized specialized linear yeast artificial chromosome clones containing human telomere fragments.
  • Integrated these fragments with the human working draft genome sequence.

Main Results:

  • Successfully integrated most human telomeres with the genome draft sequence.
  • Demonstrated wide variation in subtelomeric sequence structure, abundance, and organization.
  • Identified many subtelomeric regions as gene-rich, containing both known and unknown expressed genes.

Conclusions:

  • Human subtelomeric regions are not nonfunctional 'junk DNA'.
  • These regions are integral, functional parts of the expressed human genome.