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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

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Serial order effects in spelling errors: evidence from two dysgraphic patients.

N O Schiller¹, J A Greenhall, J R Shelton

¹Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. niels.schiller@mpi.nl

|March 10, 2001

Summary

This study reveals that two patients with dysgraphia make spelling errors primarily at the end of words. Their working memory and phonological skills remain intact, suggesting a specific graphemic buffer impairment.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Investigating the neural and cognitive underpinnings of written language production.
Understanding the mechanisms of graphemic representation and working memory in spelling.

Observation:

Two patients with dysgraphia (TH and PB) exhibited a distinct pattern of spelling errors.
Errors predominantly occurred in the final part of words, increasing monotonically towards the word's end.
Error frequency was higher in longer words and consistent across writing, typing, and oral spelling modalities.

Findings:

Patients demonstrated normal oral word repetition and spelling recall when working memory demands were minimized.
The observed error pattern suggests a deficit in maintaining graphemic representations for sustained processing.
This impairment appears independent of phonological or articulatory refresh mechanisms.

Implications:

The findings challenge traditional models of the graphemic buffer, highlighting potential subtypes of impairment.
This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of dysgraphia and its underlying cognitive deficits.
Further investigation into the specific nature of graphemic buffer dysfunction is warranted.