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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment
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Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades.

L Chang1, M Karin

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA.

Nature
|March 10, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are crucial eukaryotic signaling enzymes. Recent research reveals their vital roles in regulating gene expression, cell growth, and programmed cell death.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are essential eukaryotic signal-transducing enzymes.
  • MAPK signaling cascades regulate diverse cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the physiological functions of MAPK signaling cascades.
  • To understand the role of MAPKs in controlling gene expression, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on MAPK signaling.
  • Analysis of experimental data on MAPK pathway components and functions.

Main Results:

  • MAPK cascades are integral to cellular regulation.

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  • MAPKs significantly influence gene expression patterns.
  • MAPKs play key roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis.

    • Conclusions:

    • MAPK signaling pathways are critical for eukaryotic cell function.
    • Further research into MAPK functions can reveal therapeutic targets for diseases involving cell growth and death.