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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Published on: August 9, 2015

Chromosomal boundaries in S. cerevisiae.

X Bi¹, J R Broach

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0664, USA. xbi@unlserve.edu

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

|March 16, 2001

Summary

Chromatin boundary elements, known as heterochromatin barriers in yeast, block the spread of silent chromatin. These DNA sequences recruit proteins that prevent nucleosome assembly, disrupting chromatin structure.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Epigenetics

Background:

Chromatin boundary elements (insulators) define gene expression domains in metazoans.
Similar DNA sequences, termed 'heterochromatin barriers,' function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
These barriers prevent the spread of transcriptionally silent chromatin, the yeast equivalent of heterochromatin.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanism by which heterochromatin barriers function in yeast.
To understand how these barriers disrupt the spread of silent chromatin.

Main Methods:

Analysis of DNA sequences with boundary element properties in yeast.
Identification of regulatory proteins binding to these sequences.
Hypothesizing the recruitment of protein complexes.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 29, 2017

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Published on: October 11, 2022

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Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

Published on: August 9, 2015

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 29, 2017

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Published on: October 11, 2022

Main Results:

Heterochromatin barriers in yeast lack sequence homology.
These barriers contain multiple binding sites for various regulatory proteins.
Barriers are proposed to recruit protein complexes.

Conclusions:

Yeast heterochromatin barriers function by recruiting regulatory proteins.
Recruited proteins likely preclude nucleosome assembly.
This disruption of nucleosome arrays prevents the spread of silent chromatin.