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Related Concept Videos

pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Pre-mRNA Processing02:01

Pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

The final cut. The importance of tRNA 3'-processing.

M Mörl1, A Marchfelder

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.

EMBO Reports
|March 17, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3'-end processing is crucial for generating functional molecules but remains poorly understood across different life domains. Research highlights diverse enzymatic strategies, including unique challenges in metazoan mitochondria.

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Single-step Purification of Macromolecular Complexes Using RNA Attached to Biotin and a Photo-cleavable Linker
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

Single-step Purification of Macromolecular Complexes Using RNA Attached to Biotin and a Photo-cleavable Linker
08:12

Single-step Purification of Macromolecular Complexes Using RNA Attached to Biotin and a Photo-cleavable Linker

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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
07:26

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Functional transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules require precise precursor RNA processing.
  • RNase P, responsible for 5 -end maturation, is well-studied, unlike 3 -end processing.
  • tRNA 3 -end processing mechanisms vary significantly across archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the less understood mechanisms of tRNA 3 -end processing.
  • To compare tRNA 3 -end processing across different biological domains and organelles.
  • To investigate the unique challenges of tRNA 3 -end maturation in metazoan mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of tRNA processing pathways.
  • Enzymatic assays to study exo- and endonuclease activities.
  • Investigation of organellar tRNA maturation, focusing on metazoan mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial tRNA 3 -end processing involves multiple exo- and endonucleases.
  • Eukaryotic nuclear processing is either exonucleolytic or endonucleolytic.
  • Organellar maturation typically involves a single endonucleolytic cut.
  • Metazoan mitochondrial tRNA processing faces challenges from overlapping genes, requiring nucleotide removal and addition.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA 3 -end processing is a complex, evolutionarily diverse process.
  • Organellar tRNA processing, especially in mitochondria, presents unique enzymatic requirements.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the enzymes and mechanisms involved in tRNA 3 -end maturation.