Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligands: mitochondrial permeability transition induction in rat cardiac...

Strong evidence is emerging that mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) may be important in certain physiological conditions and, above all, in the processes of cell damage and death. Reversible MPT, triggered by inducing agents in the presence of calcium ions, has resulted in the opening of a dynamic multiprotein complex formed in the inner mitochondrial membrane and has caused large-amplitude mitochondrial swelling. In the present work, the exposure of de-energized rat cardiac mitochondria to peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands (1-(2-chlorophenyl-N-methyl-1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195), 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5-4864), and diazepam) produced a dose-dependent and cyclosporin A (CSP)-sensitive loss of absorbance, which was indicative of mitochondrial swelling. By contrast, the addition of a high-affinity central benzodiazepine receptor ligand (clonazepam) was ineffective, even at the highest concentration tested. The ultrastructural changes associated with swelling were similar in mitochondria exposed either to PK 11195 or to calcium. Supporting the apoptotic role of PK 11195-induced swelling, supernatants from mitochondria that had undergone permeability transition caused apoptotic changes in isolated cardiac nuclei. In addition, ultrastructural abnormalities were observed in rat cardiac tissue following in vivo PK 11195 administration, with these abnormalities being prevented by CSP co-administration. These data indicate that PBR ligands induce mitochondrial permeability transition and ultrastructural alterations in isolated cardiac mitochondria as well as in myocardiocytes, suggesting a novel strategy for studying the implication of PBR ligands as apoptosis inducers, through a probable effect on the MPT pore.