Unalloyed titanium for implants in bone surgery

Commercially pure (c.p.) titanium has proven its suitability as an implant material in bone surgery over many years in the fields of osteosynthesis, oral implantology, and in certain applications in joint prosthetics. Excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance are outstanding features. Furthermore, c.p. titanium is known for not causing allergic reactions. The different grades of c.p. titanium and their minimum mechanical properties are specified in ISO and ASTM standards for implant materials. Typical mechanical properties are given for AO ASIF implant applications. The properties and clinical performance of c.p. titanium are discussed and compared to those of implant stainless steel and titanium alloys. In brief some specific features relating to c.p. titanium implant material are treated, including biocompatibility and soft tissue and bone response and taking into account the effects of implant surface configurations at the same time. In addition, issues are addressed which arise from frequent inquiries from clinics.