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Related Experiment Videos

Nonlinear behavior of trabecular bone at small strains.

E F Morgan1, O C Yeh, W C Chang

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|March 30, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Trabecular bone shows nonlinear stress-strain behavior at low strains, varying by location and loading. This nonlinearity impacts mechanical property comparisons and requires careful consideration in biomechanical studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Trabecular bone exhibits complex mechanical behavior crucial for skeletal function.
  • Recent observations suggest nonlinearity in trabecular bone stress-strain curves at low strains (<0.40%).
  • Understanding this subtle nonlinearity is vital for accurate biomechanical analysis and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the low-strain (below 0.40%) stress-strain nonlinearity of trabecular bone.
  • To investigate the influence of anatomic site, loading mode (tension/compression), and apparent density on this nonlinearity.
  • To quantify the reduction in tangent modulus as a measure of nonlinearity.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical testing of 155 human and bovine trabecular bone cores (vertebrae, tibiae, femora).

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  • Testing performed in tension and compression at a strain rate of 0.50%/second, minimizing end-artifacts.
  • Nonlinearity quantified by tangent modulus reduction at 0.20% and 0.40% strain compared to the initial modulus.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant nonlinearity was observed, with mean tangent modulus reductions up to 35.7% in tension at 0.40% strain.
    • Nonlinearity magnitude depended significantly on anatomic site (p < 0.001) and loading mode (p < 0.001).
    • In tension, nonlinearity positively correlated with apparent density; calculated elastic modulus and yield properties varied with strain range selection.

    Conclusions:

    • Trabecular bone exhibits significant nonlinear stress-strain behavior at low strains.
    • Anatomic site and loading mode are critical factors influencing this nonlinearity.
    • The observed nonlinearity can confound inter-site comparisons of mechanical properties, necessitating nonlinear characterization for accurate analysis.