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Malnutrition and mental development: is there a sensitive period? A nested case-control study
1Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK. r.f.drewett@durham.ac.uk
Insights
Early childhood malnutrition does not have a specific adverse effect on cognitive development beyond its contribution to overall malnutrition. This study found that later malnutrition had a similar impact as early malnutrition when weight at testing was considered.
Area of Science:
- Child Development
- Nutritional Science
- Public Health
Background:
- Malnutrition during early childhood is a significant concern for cognitive development.
- Identifying sensitive periods for malnutrition's impact is crucial for timely interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate if there is an early sensitive period for malnutrition's effects on cognitive development.
- To compare cognitive outcomes in children with early versus late growth faltering.
Main Methods:
- A cohort study in Ethiopia involving 197 children categorized as early growth falterers, late growth falterers, or controls.
- Cognitive development assessed at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
- Statistical analysis to compare cognitive scores and explore the impact of timing and duration of malnutrition.
Main Results:
- Children with early and late growth faltering showed significantly lower psychomotor and mental scores compared to controls.
- Early weight faltering was linked to weight at testing, which correlated with cognitive scores.
- After accounting for weight at testing, the timing of growth faltering did not show an additional independent effect.
Conclusions:
- In this Ethiopian population, early malnutrition does not appear to have a specific adverse effect beyond its contribution to sustained malnutrition.
- The duration and severity of malnutrition, as reflected by weight at testing, are key factors in cognitive outcomes.
- Interventions should focus on preventing and addressing malnutrition throughout the first two years of life.
Abstract:
To examine the possibility that there is an early sensitive period for the effects of malnutrition on cognitive development, three groups of children (N = 197) were recruited from a birth cohort with known growth characteristics in south-west Ethiopia (N = 1,563). All had initial weights > or = 2,500 g. Early growth falterers dropped in weight below the third centile (z < -1.88) of the NCHS/WHO reference population in the first 4 months. Late growth falterers were children not in the first group whose weights were below the third centile at 10 and 12 months. Controls were a stratified random sample with weights above the third centile throughout the first year. All children were tested blind at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, adapted for use in Ethiopia. Mean (SD) scores on the psychomotor scale were 10.2 (3.7) in the controls, 6.6 (4.2) in the early growth falterers, and 8.5 (4.3) in the late growth falterers. For the mental scale they were 28.9 (5.8), 22.6 (6.2), and 26.6 (6.1) respectively. Both overall differences were statistically significant at p < .001, and planned comparisons between the control and the combined growth faltering groups, and between the early and later growth faltering groups, showed that each difference was statistically significant for both scales. However, early weight faltering was associated with weight at the time of testing (r = .33), which was associated with scores both on the psychomotor (r = .53) and the mental scale (r = .49). After taking weight at the time of testing into account there was no additional effect attributable to the timing of growth faltering. In this population, therefore, early malnutrition does not have specific adverse effect beyond the contribution that it makes to enduring malnutrition over the first 2 years.