Alternative bacteriophage display systems

Filamentous phage has been extensively used to implement various aspects of phage display technology. The success of these organisms as vectors to present foreign peptides and to link them to their coding sequences is a consequence of their structural and biological characteristics. Some of these properties, however, represent a limitation when one attempts to display proteins that cannot be efficiently exported through the bacterial membrane or do not fold properly in the periplasm. Thus, the desirability of developing alternative display systems was recognised recently and led to the development of a different class of display vectors that assemble their capsid in the cytoplasm and are released via cell lysis. This review describes and compares the properties of these alternative display systems.