Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication
Published on: December 2, 2011
VO(2) slow component: to model or not to model?
1Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare several techniques often used in the literature for measuring the amplitude of the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics.
Methods:
Eight healthy male volunteer cyclists performed two identical bouts of square wave cycle ergometry, from a VO(2) of 60% of the lactic acid threshold (LAT) to 30% of the difference between LAT and VO(2) peak. Predetermined intervals (3--6 and 3--10 min) were chosen to reflect those often used in the literature, namely 3-6 min and 3 min to the end of exercise. Several procedures were used to estimate the 3, 6, and 10-min VO(2) values (20-s averaging, 60-s averaging, and mono-exponential modeling). These were compared with the modeled slow component amplitude using a two-phase model with independent time delays: VO(2)(t) = B VO(2) + A(1)(1 -- e(-(t-TD1)/tau(1)) + A(2)(1 -- e(-(t-TD2)/tau(2)).
Conclusions:
The results showed a significant underestimation for all methods of slow component amplitude estimation (P < 0.05) when compared with the actual (modeled) amplitude. In so far as research on oxygen uptake kinetics is used to understand the underlying physiology, it is imperative that the components of the kinetics be determined accurately. The use of a predetermined time frame for estimation of the amplitude of the slow component is not supported by this study. Future investigations should consider these results and make every effort to model the underlying response.
Related Concept Videos
Simplified Synchronous Machine Model
In this model, each generator is connected to a...
Clearance Models: Compartment Models
Steps in the Modeling Process
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
Modeling and Similitude
Velocity of an Object
Modeling with Differential Equations

