Infant mortality among Indonesian boys and girls: effect of sibling status

A Wahab1, A Winkvist, H Stenlund

  • 1Community Health and Nutrition Research Laboratories, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Related Concept Videos

Sibling Relationships During Infancy and Toddlerhood01:30

Sibling Relationships During Infancy and Toddlerhood

Infants often form early attachments to older siblings, using them as a source of comfort during distress. As infants become more mobile, sibling conflict commonly increases over toys, personal space, and parental attention, particularly after about 18 months.Conflict and Social LearningAs toddlers become more involved in family interactions, they learn which behaviors please or annoy their siblings. Although disagreements may involve rivalry or frustration, they can also promote...
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...
Physical Growth During Infancy and Toddlerhood01:18

Physical Growth During Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical growth is especially rapid during the first three years of life, with the greatest rate in the first few months after birth. Although children continue to gain height and weight throughout infancy and toddlerhood, the rate of growth gradually slows during the second and third years. At most ages, boys are typically slightly taller and heavier than girls, reflecting a common pattern of early physical development.Changes in Body ProportionsAs infants become toddlers, their body...
Relationships with Peers During Infancy and Toddlerhood01:26

Relationships with Peers During Infancy and Toddlerhood

Infants and toddlers show early interest in peers, especially children of similar age and developmental level. Between 6 and 12 months, infants increasingly touch, smile at, and babble to one another. These brief interactions often happen alongside individual play rather than as coordinated activity.Early Peer InteractionAround the first birthday, children begin sharing objects, making eye contact, smiling, and approaching peers. Behaviors such as hitting, grabbing, or repeated touching may...
Parental Influences on Gender Typing01:29

Parental Influences on Gender Typing

Parents shape children’s understanding of gender through “gender-typing,” the process of learning culturally appropriate behaviors, interests, and roles for boys and girls.Reinforcement of Gender NormsFrom infancy, parents may communicate gender expectations through speech, play, praise, and behavior. Fathers may praise boys for bravery or assertiveness while responding more sensitively to girls. Gendered descriptions in books, divisions of household labor, and parental hobbies can also...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is: