Activation of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle and heart in cancer cachexia

Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by profound tissue wasting that frequently complicates malignancies. In a cancer cachexia model we have shown that protein depletion in the skeletal muscle, which is a prominent feature of the syndrome, is mostly due to enhanced proteolysis. There is consensus on the views that the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway plays an important role in such metabolic response and that cytotoxic cytokines such as TNFalpha are involved in its triggering (Costelli and Baccino, 2000), yet the mechanisms by which the relevant extracellular signals are transduced into protein hypercatabolism are largely unknown. Moreover, little information is presently available as to the possible involvement in muscle protein waste of the Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis, which may provide a rapidly activated system in response to the extracellular signals. In the present work we have evaluated the status of the Ca(2+)-dependent proteolytic system in the gastrocnemius muscle of AH-130 tumour-bearing rats by assaying the activity of calpain as well as the levels of calpastatin, the natural calpain inhibitor, and of the 130 kDa Ca(2+)-ATPase, both of which are known calpain substrates. After tumour transplantation, total calpastatin activity progressively declined, while total calpain activity remained unchanged, resulting in a progressively increasing unbalance in the calpain/calpastatin ratio. A decrease was also observed for the 130 kDa plasma membrane form of Ca(2+)-ATPase, while there was no change in the level of the 90 kDa sarcoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase, which is resistant to the action of calpain. Decreased levels of both calpastatin and 130 kDa Ca(2+)-ATPase have been also detected in the heart of the tumour-bearers. These observations strongly suggest that Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis was activated in the skeletal muscle and heart of tumour-bearing animals and raise the possibility that such activation may play a role in sparking off the muscle protein hypercatabolic response that characterizes cancer cachexia.