Adult outcomes of verbal learning disability

Although it is currently generally accepted that, in most cases, verbal learning disability (VLD) can persist into adulthood, adult outcomes of learning disability are still under much discussion. The adult outcomes of two types of VLD (dyslexia and dysgraphia) will be the focus of this article. The defining characteristics of VLD and what constitutes these types of VLD are provided in detail elsewhere in this issue (see Jones and Eberling). This article will focus on the current epidemiology, possible causative factors, neurocognitive profiles, and neurological correlates of such disability. In addition, adult outcomes will be discussed for both those who succeed despite the disability and those who continue to struggle with the issues of VLD into adulthood. Specifically, factors that seem to contribute to success or struggle, and suggested treatments for VLD, will be discussed.