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Related Concept Videos

What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Classification of Leukocytes01:30

Classification of Leukocytes

Leukocytes are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules. Granular leukocytes, which contain granules, belong to the myeloid lineage and are divided into three subtypes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells are roughly spherical and characterized by the granules in their cytoplasm.
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granular leukocytes, comprising 50-70% of all leukocytes. They feature small, evenly distributed granules and a...
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Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice
12:04

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: November 1, 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus.

G Ruiz-Irastorza1, M A Khamashta, G Castellino

  • 1Lupus Research Unit, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|April 11, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights key clinical advancements in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) from 1995-2000. It details updated criteria, new treatments like mycophenolate mofetil, and improved patient survival rates.

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Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Clinical Immunology

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are complex autoimmune diseases with significant clinical impact.
  • Advances in understanding and managing these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major clinical advances in SLE and APS between 1995 and 2000.
  • To summarize updates in classification criteria, epidemiology, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies published between 1995 and 2000.
  • Analysis of randomized controlled trials and epidemiological data.

Main Results:

  • Updated classification criteria for SLE and APS.
  • Definition of 19 neuropsychiatric lupus subsets.
  • Increasing incidence and survival rates for SLE patients.
  • Established roles for cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, antimalarials, and hormonal therapy.
  • Emerging data on ciclosporin and thalidomide.
  • Increased use of mycophenolate mofetil and stem-cell transplantation for refractory cases.
  • New insights into thrombosis management in APS and high-risk pregnancies in SLE/APS.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress in SLE and APS management occurred between 1995-2000.
  • Therapeutic options expanded, including novel agents and stem-cell transplantation.
  • Improved understanding of disease subsets and epidemiological trends informed clinical practice.