Sites and ionic mechanisms of hypoxic vasoconstriction in frog skin

We tested the hypothesis that the cellular mechanisms mediating hypoxic vasoconstriction (HVC) in frog skin, an important vertebrate respiratory organ, are similar to those mediating HVC in the pulmonary vasculature of mammals. An accepted hypothesis in the lung is that alveolar hypoxia alters the redox potential in vascular smooth muscle cells of arterial vessels. This decreases membrane K+ conductance, causing depolarization. Depolarization increases the open probability of L-type Ca2+ channels, facilitating Ca2+ entry into the cell, which leads to vascular smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction. We studied the cutaneous microcirculation of the frog (Xenopus laevis) web by enclosing the web in a transparent chamber that was ventilated with different gas mixtures. Arteriolar and venular diameters were measured by video microscopy. Drugs were applied topically or intravascularly. A dose-dependent constriction to hypoxia occurred in arterioles but not venules, although both vessel types constricted to similar degrees to the thromboxane mimetic U-46619. The magnitude of HVC was not associated with arteriolar size. Constriction of arterioles with 4-amino pyridine, a K+-channel antagonist, was blocked by the L-type Ca2+-channel blocker nifedipine. Nifedipine also antagonized HVC and hypercapnic vasoconstriction. Bay K 8664, a drug that increases the open probability of L-type Ca2+ channels, augmented HVC. These data support our hypothesis that the cellular mechanisms mediating HVC are similar in frog skin and mammalian lungs. This similarity between amphibian and mammalian tissues suggests that the mechanisms of HVC may have arisen relatively early in vertebrate evolution. In addition, because of its structural simplicity and easy accessibility, frog skin may be a useful tissue for studying this general phenomenon in vivo.